PASSIVE SENTENCE STRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION THAT DEPENDS ON AUXILIARIES :
3 sentence constructions involve auxiliary verbs:
1.Passive Sentence
2.Negative Sentence
3.Questions
PASSIVE SENTENCE:
2.The object in an active sentence becomes the subject of the corresponding passive sentence
3.Active and passive sentence describe same state of affairs but they describe it differently i.e active sentence is more about doer and passive sentence is emphasized on the person or object receiving the action.
4.Use of adverbial ( by the doer......) which is optional, this PP will function as an adverbial, modifies VP ( lexical VP) and will be the sister of VP, used in sentence final.
5.Since converting an active sentence into passive counterparts involves shifting the object into subject position, it follows that only lexical verbs that take objects ( direct/ indirect) can figure in passive sentence.
6.Intensive verbs don't take objects, so active sentence containing them don't have passive counterparts.
7.Only objects shift to subject position in passive sentence.
8.Direct object in the active becomes the subject in the passive, the direct object position required by a transitive verb won't be filled in the passive( leaving a gap in the direct object position).
9.In passive sentences, a gap is created in the object position left by the movement of the object to subject position.
10.In passive voice ( complex transitive verb); direct object becomes subject, leaving a gap in the direct object position.
11.With ditransitive verb, it is always the first object that becomes subject in the passive ( leaving the other object in position).
PASSIVE SENTENCE (TRANSITIVE VERB)
1.requires a single NP to complement it.
2.NP that complements a transitive verb functions as its direct object.
3.Pronoun in objective/ accusative case will be functioning as the direct object of a verb.
Active sentence:
1.The boss fired Max.
2.The boss fired him.
(him_ accusative case)
3.Mr.Ali forgave the lodger.
4.The bouncer is ejecting the intruder.
Passive sentence:
1.Max was fired ( by the boss) .
2.He was fired ( by the boss).
3.The lodger was forgiven by Mr. Ali.
4.The intruder is being ejected by the bouncer.
Points to be noted from example no 1:
1.object in active sentence becomes the subject of the corresponding passive sentence.
2.active sentence is more about doer( boss) .
3.passive sentence is more about the receiver of the action ( Max).
4.passive sentence is more about Max, we don't have to mention who did the firing ( we might not even know who did it). That's the virtue of passive sentences.
5.by the boss➡️ functions as an adverbial, modifies lexical VP, sister of lexical VP
6.Since converting an active sentence into passive counterpart, involves shifting the object into subject position, it follows that only lexical verbs that take objects{dO/iO}( direct in case of transitive verb) can figure in passive sentence.
7.dO in the active becomes the subject in the passive, the dO position required by a transitive verb won't be filled in the passive, ( a gap in dO position)
Max was fired by the boss.
(fired is still transitive verb in passive sentence)
STRUCTURE:
In passive sentence, a gap is created in the object position left by the movement of the object to subject position.
INTENSIVE VERBS:
1.requires a single complement, which can be in the form of NP, PP, Adj P.
2.complements of an intensive verb functions more specifically as predicative( subject predicative) .
3."be" / "copula ", commonly used intensive verb.
4.seem, smell, feel, look, taste, appear etc
ADJECTIVE PHRASE AS COMPLEMENT:
Ali is rather extravagant.
( extravagance attribute of Ali)
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE AS COMPLEMENT:
PP functioning as subject predicative, it cannot be omitted
Ali and Ahmad were in the conference room.
NOUN PHRASE AS A COMPLEMENT:
Ali was an auctioneer.
( Ali has the attribute of being an auctioneer, so auctioneer is a subject predicative and was is an intensive verb)
Ali spotted an an auctioneer.
(Ali and auctioneer are different individuals, so spotted is a transitive verb and auctioneer is functioning as a direct object. )
5.Intensive verbs do not take objects, so active sentence containing them do not have passive counterparts.
Example:
1.Everyone present saw a doctor.
Saw➡️Transitive verb
Doctor➡️dO
1a.A doctor was seen by everyone present.
2.Everyone present was a doctor.
( no object here)
No passive sentence
6.Only objects shift to subject position in passive sentence.
COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERB:
1.takes two complements, one is dO ( NP) and the other is object predicative ( NP/ AdjP or PP)
2.Examples:
1.Ali finds his own jokes extremely funny.
his own jokes➡️ dO( NP)
extremely funny➡️oP( AdjP)
2.They made Ali their spokesperson.
Ali ➡️dO ( NP)
Spokesperson➡️oP ( NP)
3.Ali put the bottle on the table.
the bottle➡️dO( NP)
on the table➡️oP( PP)
3.Passive sentence of complex transitive verb:
In passive voice, dO becomes subject, leaving a gap in the dO position.
1.The noise drove Sara mad.
Sara➡️dO( NP)
mad➡️oP( AdjP)
1a.Sara was driven🔘 mad( by the noise. )
driven➡️complex transitive verb
mad➡️object predicative not subject predicative
STRUCTURE:
In passive voice, dO becomes subjects, leaving a gap in dO position.
DITRANSITIVE VERB:
1.two NP as complements i.e iO and dO.
2.Examples:
1.Ali gave Ahmad some biscuits.
Some biscuits➡️dO
Indirect object can take the form of either an NP or PP containing to/for.
2.Ali gave some biscuits to Ahmad.
some biscuits➡️dO
to Ahmad➡️io( PP)
3.PASS effect on ditransitive verb:
1.Ali sent the boss an anonymous letter.
the boss➡️iO( NP)
an anonymous letter➡️dO( NP)
1a. The boss was sent🔘an anonymous letter.
2.Ali sent an anonymous letter to the boss.
an anonymous letter➡️dO(NP)
to the boss➡️iO ( PP)
2a.An anonymous letter was sent🔘 to the boss.
STRUCTURE
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